[Cerrado] String translations working only for first string in text domain

Hello WPML Support Team,

I’m experiencing an issue with WPML String Translation that only occurs on my production site.

Problem description:
String translations are applied only to the first translated string within a given text domain. As soon as I translate additional strings in the same text domain, those translations are not applied on the frontend.

Important details:
• All strings are correctly registered and translated in WPML → String Translation
• The issue affects only strings from the same text domain
• On localhost, everything works correctly (all strings translate as expected)
• The issue appears only on the production site

Production environment:
• WPML (latest version)
• WP Fastest Cache
• Cloudflare (admin is not cached)
• Translations are handled via String Translation (e.g. __('Text', 'theme'))

I have already verified that:
• The correct text domain is used consistently
• No custom caching of the admin area is enabled
• The strings exist only once and are not duplicated
• Clearing all caches does not resolve the issue

Given that this works perfectly on localhost, it looks like either:
• a caching-related issue affecting string loading, or
• a problem with how translated strings are stored or retrieved in production

Could you please advise:
1. Whether this is a known issue with caching/CDN setups
2. Which WPML components or database tables are critical for String Translation loading
3. If there is a recommended configuration for WP Fastest Cache + Cloudflare in this case

If needed, I can provide debug information or temporary access.

Thank you for your help.

Best regards,
Leoš Lang