Resolved
Overview of the issue
If you are using an NGINX as a reverse proxy and then set up in a different domain per language, you will notice that the internal domain is being exposed.
Workaround
A workaround may be to remove filters on WPML_Include_Url.
add_action( 'plugins_loaded', 'disable_wpml_include_url' );
function disable_wpml_include_url() {
global $wpml_include_url_filter;
remove_filter( 'style_loader_src', [ $wpml_include_url_filter, 'filter_include_url' ] );
remove_filter( 'script_loader_src', [ $wpml_include_url_filter, 'filter_include_url' ] );
remove_filter( 'the_password_form', [ $wpml_include_url_filter, 'wpml_password_form_filter' ] );
}