Overview of the Issue
In some rare cases after updating from an older version, translations are not visible after you translate a string. This happens if the update and migration steps get stuck.
Workaround
This issue is fixed in WPML 4.9. Updating solves it on your site, so you only need this workaround if you can’t update yet.
Add the following code to your wp-config.php:
define( 'WPML_ST_SYNC_TRANSLATION_FILES', true );
Then back up your site and delete the stuck wpml_st_upgrade_in_progress transient with WP-CLI:
wp transient delete wpml_st_upgrade_in_progress