[Waiting for user feedback] WPML string translation behaves strangely

Background of the issue:
WMPL AI Summery:
I am experiencing issues with WPML string translations on my site after a WordPress core update from 6.6.2 to 6.8.1. I have a production site and a local copy for testing. On both, translated strings revert to English when the WPML String Translation plugin is enabled. Disabling the plugin restores the correct languages. The translations exist but are not loading correctly. I attempted to refresh translations using do_action('wpml_reload_strings'); and icl_cache_clear(); but these did not resolve the issue.

My own summary:
This is a bit of a 2-in-1 problem, but I want to give all the context and research I can.

On my production site, all WPML string translations break after a WordPress core update (6.6.2 → 6.8.1). I can’t continue testing on the live environment, so I made a backup, copied the site, and ran it locally. Everything is identical except I already started on 6.8.1 locally. The same issue persists: all translated strings are shown in English.

When I disable the WPML String Translation plugin, the strings go back to their proper languages (Dutch, French). When I re-enable the plugin, the issue reappears.

I then checked the actual translations in the plugin. This is where my screenshot becomes relevant. There’s a pencil icon showing that the string is translated, but in the admin overview, the original string still appears untranslated. When I click to edit the translation, it opens empty at first, then autofills the translated text. After saving and a refresh, the string now displays correctly.

So the translations do exist, but something is preventing them from loading or applying into the plugin is my conclusion. Is there a way to trigger WPML String Translation to “refresh” or reapply all existing translations without manually opening and saving each one?

I tried:
do_action( 'wpml_reload_strings' );
icl_cache_clear();
Which did nothing.

Symptoms:
All WPML string translations break and revert to English after a WordPress core update. Translations exist but do not load correctly when the WPML String Translation plugin is enabled.

Questions:
Is there a way to trigger WPML String Translation to refresh or reapply all existing translations without manually opening and saving each one?