[Closed] Product images not showing on translated product pages

Background of the issue:
On the website Atomis.nl, I am experiencing an issue with product images not displaying correctly on product pages in translated languages. The affected languages are Dutch (NL) and French (FR), while the working language is English (EN) where product images show correctly. I have tried several troubleshooting steps including regenerating thumbnails, flushing caches, using WPML's media translation tools, and manually verifying product galleries.

Symptoms:
On translated product pages, the featured image and/or product gallery are missing or broken, while the original English product page works fine.

Questions:
What is causing the missing product images on translated product pages?
How can I ensure images are properly synchronized and displayed for all languages?